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PurposeAs the current Coronavirus 2019 pandemic eases, international tourism, which was greatly affected by the outbreak, is gradually recovering. The attraction of countries to overseas tourists is related to their overall performance in the pandemic. This research integrates the data of vaccination of different countries, border control policy and holidays to explore their differential impacts on the overseas tourists' intention during the pandemic. This is crucial for destinations to built their tourism resilience. It will also help countries and industry organizations to promote their own destinations to foreign tourism enterprises. Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes an analysis based on panel data for ten countries over 1,388 days. The coefficient of variation is used to measure monthly differences of Chinese tourists' intention to visit overseas country destinations. FindingsResults show that, for tourist intention of going abroad: border control of the destination country has a significant negative impact;daily new cases in the destination country have a significant negative impact;domestic daily new cases have a significant positive impact;holidays have significant negative impact;daily vaccination of the destination countries has significant positive impact;and domestic daily vaccination have negative significant impact. Research limitations/implicationsFirst, there is a large uncertainty in studying consumers' willingness to travel abroad in this particular period because of unnecessary travel abroad caused by the control of the epidemic. Second, there are limitations in studying only Chinese tourists, and future research should be geared toward a broader range of research pairs. Practical implicationsFirst, from the government perspective, a humane response can earn the respect and trust of tourists. Second, for tourism industry, to encourage the public take vaccine would be beneficial for both the tourism destination and foreign tourism companies. The same effect can be achieved by helping tourists who are troubled by border control. Social implicationsFirst, this research provides suggestions for the government and the tourism industry to deal with such a crisis in the future. Second, this study found that vaccination has a direct impact on tourism. This provides a basis for improving people's willingness to vaccinate. Thirdly, this study proves suggestion for the destinations to build tourism resilience. Originality/valueThis study analyzes the unique control measures and vaccination in different countries during the pandemic, then provides suggestions for the tourism industry to prepare for the upcoming postpandemic tourism recovery. This study is valuable for improving the economic resilience of tourism destinations. Additionally, it helps to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different restrain policies around the world.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has had a massive impact on the world's economy. Only a handful of economic sectors benefited from COVID-19 (e.g. streaming and videoconferencing). Other sectors recuperated relatively well after the strongest part of the crisis passed (e.g. textile and automotive). The tourism sector, instead, will still take some time to recuperate. It is because many different parts need to be in place for tourism as we knew it before the crisis goes back to normal. In 2019, the projections were 1.5 billion international tourist arrivals per year. The comparison between Europe and India would help in developing measures to reignite and re-launch tourism in India. In fact, before the crisis, India was getting less than 20 million foreign tourists per year. The number seems relatively low when compared to countries like China (more than 60 million foreign tourists), Spain, France and the USA (all three above 80 million arrivals), Malaysia (26 million), Thailand (38) and Japan (29). This research analyses the relatively low number of international arrivals in India using a multi-perspective approach. The analysis will allow us to make a series of suggestions that will help boost the tourism sector in India as the COVID-19 crisis fades away. © 2022 Jacques Bulchand-Gidumal.
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This paper is aimed to describe the association between tourism and transport, seen in the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. The dual role of transport and tourism in the pandemic crisis is very special: it spreads the virus around the world and at the same time is mostly impacted by the pandemic negative consequences. The research was based mainly on the critical review and analysis of the secondary data (SDA method), such available resources as literature, statistic data and reports, actions taken by governments, international institutions and law regulations (published in 2020-2021). This approach allowed deep insight and overview of the most important issues of transport that have influenced tourism in the pandemic crisis. The final result of the study showed that for destinations highly dependent upon tourism-related revenue, the lockdown and transport suspension became a great concern and resulted in economy crisis. We acknowledge that due to the objective limitations, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive insight in tour-ism, transport and crisis issues. However, as this topic is a rarely discussed theme in academic texts, we hope that this paper could be found useful as it explores approaches to tourism from this new perspective. The paper ends with some reflections on sustainable development of the transport sector in the post-pandemic time, when tourism is expected to recover. © 2022, Stanislaw Podobinski Publishing House of the Jan Dlugosz University. All rights reserved.
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Purpose: Crisis management has developed as an established field of scholarly research in tourism over the last three decades. More recently, the concept of resilience has emerged within this body of literature as a longer-term planning process. However, important knowledge gaps remain, especially with regards to the strategic responses of small tourism businesses in destinations prone to repeated crises. Design/methodology/approach: This chapter reviews the literature related to crisis management and resilience in tourism. Findings: Key knowledge gaps are outlined and discussed in the context of tourism research related to crisis management and resilience, with a specific emphasis on research related to small tourism businesses. Originality: Although crisis management and resilience are fields of research that continue to generate a considerable amount of scholarly enquiry in tourism, particularly with studies related to the impacts of terrorism on tourism destinations and, more recently, the short-and longer-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism, there is very little research related to the role of small tourism businesses in this context, in spite of their key role in the tourism system of destinations around the world. © 2022 Sofia Lachhab, Tina Segota, Alastair M. Morrison and J. Andres Coca-Stefaniak.
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This research begins with the possibility of taking advantage of a very unusual situation, such as the first days of a dramatic pandemic with a significant impact on tourism activity, to obtain relevant information on stakeholder perceptions at that precise moment. The aim is to capture the different perceptions on the effects and possible recovery strategies for destinations, which could condition the touristic make-decision process for its design. For this, 285 professionals in the Spanish tourism sector were surveyed between 03/27/2020 and 04/30/2020. A review of other exogenous touristic crises has been done to define this survey process, identifying the primary variables, dimensions and consequences, and the recovery strategies applied. The results permit identifying preferences of the sector in an extreme crisis and identifying differences between different stakeholder types. This research offers a substantial amount of relevant information which can be very useful to compare with future research after recovery and to be able to conclude this kind of rush and uncertain decision- making processes with a view to a more efficient early design of recovery strategies against the exogenous crisis. © 2022 Universidad de Murcia. All rights reserved.
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The most recent COVID-19 pandemic has posed a risk to the world economy that has never been seen before. Therefore, the welcoming attitude of the residents in tourist destinations has become a concern for post-COVID-19 tourism recovery. There seem to be many issues concerning the interactions of hosts and tourists as Covid-19 fear exists. Thus, this study aims to examine the role of place attachment and host tourists' attractions on the welcoming attitude of the residents in Langkawi, Malaysia. The researchers conducted a quantitative method and cross-sectional approach in this study. Researchers distributed 600 questionnaires to the respondents in Langkawi, Malaysia, and 461 usable questionnaires were returned and proceeded for further analysis. This study used structural equation modelling to use Smart PLS version 3 software. In structural equation modelling, the measurement and structural model of the study were reported. The study found that place attachment and host tourists interaction play a significant role in maximizing residents' welcoming attitude. The practitioners and academicians will be benefited from the outcome study while exploring tourism recovery strategies and post-Covid tourist arrival. © 2022 Editura Universitatii din Oradea. All rights reserved.
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The post-COVID-19 tourism recovery is most likely to be led by crisis-resistant tourists (Hajibaba, Gretzel, Leisch and Dolnicar, 2015). The surf tourism market is highly crisis resistant (Dolnicar and Fluker, 2003a) and has potential to expand during the pandemic (Mach and Ponting, 2021), especially with the advances in technologies for remote workers. In an attempt to answer Hritz and Franzidis' (2018) call for further research on this niche market in order to ascertain the significance of surf tourism in a particular community, we provide a baseline for surf tourism in terms of these niche preferences and satisfaction levels in Gran Canaria (Spain). The study is based on a discrete choice model that relies on preferences elicited through best-worst scaling methods. Our research demonstrates that the BWS scores can be used to develop a destination attribute quality index based on importance and satisfaction scales and provides important information to destination managers. © 2022 The Authors
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Ecuador is a tourist destination for the American continent with a predominance of exuberant landscapes and a seductive historical and cultural richness. The direct incidence of COVID-19 has transformed the usual tourist patterns and favoured the identification of new leisure possibilities in rural areas. The aim of the article is to assess the changes in tourism demand in Ecuador and the potential of rural tourism for the revival of the sector. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were applied, including analytical-synthetic, hypothetical-deductive and documentary review, in support of the search for information and its systematisation, while descriptive statistics were used to consolidate graphs and trends that reinforce the scientific basis of the research. This it possible to confirm that rural tourism is a high-impact niche market for diversifying the Ecuadorian economy, re-establishing tourist flows and contributing to the development and preservation of indigenous communities and their culture, as it guarantees the protection of existing ecosystems and their value as an attraction.
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In order to find a coordinated approach to support tourism recovery following the impacts of COVID-19, this research examines the experiences of mainland China, the first country whose domestic tourism recovered in the first stage (the first year after the pandemic outbreak). Through the content analysis of tourism policy documents at national, provincial, and city levels, we generated the features of the policy responses from the supply and demand sides, and the policy trends before and after the first peak of the recovery. Next, we summarized the three steps which make up the first stage, and describe the effective policy focus for each step. This process-oriented policy analysis can guide other countries in how to cope with tourism recovery during the first stage.
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In tourism, virtual tours are one of the latest promotional trends utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in keeping potential tourists saturated and interested in visiting the tourist attractions when the 'new normal' conditions become stable. Furthermore, virtual tours are also a part of historical conservation for cultural-heritage tourism. This research aims to design a virtual cultural-heritage tour route in the Kesawan area of Medan city, make widely promoted virtual tour videos, and evaluate the quality of virtual tourism by arousing interest in prospective tourists to visit the cultural-heritage area of Medan city. Descriptive qualitative design and quantitative regression methods are adopted in this research. Qualitative descriptive and qualitative methods were used to explain the trips and measure the impact of virtual tours in the city of Medan, especially the Kesawan district as the research area. The first result showed the design of a virtual tour starting from the itinerary planning process, taking pictures, editing, and publishing on YouTube media. It was also observed that the published cultural-heritage attracts potential travelers to visit and physically experience the tourist attractions. Moreover, the virtual tour design will be enriched with the addition of English subtitles to obtain a largeraudience. © 2022 WITPress. All rights reserved.
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A hometown is the place to which an individual has an affective bond resulting from either being born there or living there for lived for a long time. This article investigates people's intention to support the revival of tourism in their hometowns post-COVID-19. The research hypothesises that individuals are affected by the threat to ontological security, freedom of movement, and freedom of information, and this synthetic threat will affect their intention to support their hometown. Based on compensatory control theory and psychological reactance theory, the study investigates how the need to belong, combined with psychological reactance, reveals the underlying mechanisms of perceived threat on intention to support one's hometown. The survey responses from 658 residents in China were analysed using a structural equation model. The results showed that the perceived threat has a positive effect on intention to support one's hometown and need to belong mediates that relationship. Instead, despite perceived threat to their freedom, residents did not report psychological reactance when faced with hometown appeals. These results could help destinations to revive in the post-pandemic era;destination management organisations, especially in China, should be able to appeal to residents for promotional support without expecting psychological reactance.
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Visitingjogja.com, a website dedicated to restoring tourism in the Yogyakarta Special Region after the COVID-19 pandemic, is examined in this article. The presence of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the tourism sector. Digital tourism, which incorporates ICT, the internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as other emerging technologies, is one way to revitalize the tourism industry (AI). This study employs a qualitative method and an exploratory research methodology to investigate the use of the website to create a digital tourism system. Web analysis using the rank watch software tool to collect data aid in the investigation. Web Analytics is a methodological study or technique used to collect, measure, report, and analyze illustrated websites based on sentiment analysis, grouping, and topic modeling. Use of Web Analytics to analyze website performance and optimize website usage. We use the Web Analytics analysis method to track organic keywords and analyze performance, activity, and traffic flow on the VisitingJogja.com website. The results of the analysis of the data findings show;1) Website VisitingJogja.com performance is excellent to use;2) The promotion strategy carried out by the Yogyakarta Special Region Tourism Office through the VisitingJogja.com website has become an effective information medium. 3) The activity of using the VisitingJogja.com website has not been maximally used as a tourism recovery strategy in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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For accelerating the tourism recovery under COVID-19, gaining residents' support is essential. However, residents' negative emotion and their perception of the governments' policies in responding to the COVID-19 may affect their attitude toward this support. The study aims to explore the mechanism of how Quality of Government (QoG) ultimately influences residents' support of the government policy for accelerating tourism recovery. The results of two empirical surveys in Macau and South Korea find that the two components of QoG (policy responsiveness and information transparency) positively influence residents' support of the government policy for accelerating tourism recovery through satisfaction with policy response and trust in government. On the other hand, these two QoG components negatively influence residents’ anxiety, and anxiety further negatively influences trust, but anxiety does not have any effect on satisfaction. The study contributes a satisfaction-trust of the governance model for researchers to taking tourism risk research. Recommendations are provided for governments in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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This study explores whether vaccination coverage, social distancing rules, and COVID-19 death rate affect tourism recovery using data from 249 countries/territories. We used panel data regression techniques-namely Fixed-effects, Hausman-Taylor, and Instrumental Variables regressions for the empirical analysis. Results show that a higher vaccination coverage is not necessarily accompanied by a higher tourism recovery. Similarly, a higher level of stringency restriction hinders tourism recovery. Results also indicate that a lower death rate helps to promote tourism recovery in developed economies. These results suggest that vaccination coverage alone is not the magic bullet for restarting the tourism industry. Policymakers should consider a mix of effective vaccination administration accompanied by the use of therapeutics to lower the COVID-19 death rate.
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Technology innovation has changed the patterns with its advanced features for travel and tourism industry during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, which massively hit tourism and travel worldwide. The profound adverse effects of the coronavirus disease resulted in a steep decline in the demand for travel and tourism activities worldwide. This study focused on the literature based on travel and tourism in the wake global crisis due to infectious virus. The study aims to review the emerging literature critically to help researchers better understand the situation. It valorizes transformational affordance, tourism, and travel industries impacts posed by the virus COVID-19. The study proposed a research model on reviving the international tourism activities post COVID-19 pandemic to gain sustainable development and recovery. The scholars have debated seeking the best possible ways to predict a sustainable recovery of travel, tourism, and leisure sectors from the devastating consequences of coronavirus COVID-19. In the first phase, the study describes how the current pandemic can become transformational opportunities. It debates the situation and questions related to the emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak. The present research focuses on identifying fundamental values, organizations, and pre-assumptions related to travel and tourism revival and help academia and researchers to a breakthrough in initiating the frontiers based on research and practice. This study aims at exploring the role of technological innovation in the crisis management of COVID-19 tourism impacts, tourists' behavior, and experiences. The travel and tourism industry's main stakeholders include tourism demand and organizations that manage tourists' destinations and policymakers. They have already experienced the stages of responses, recovery, and resetting tourism recovery strategies. The study provides valuable insight into the coronavirus consequences on travel and tourism and practical implications for global tourism and academic research revitalization.
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The pandemic Covid-19 have significant negative impact for tourism sector in Indonesia. The pandemic has caused the tourism Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) to experience huge losses as no foreign tourists will come. As an effort to provide recovery for the tourism sector in East Java, this research aims to create architecture design of travel guide application which provide various features, such us online ticket ordering, accomodation, transportation, culinary, and travel recommendation. This research used six stages of design thinking method to describe design process and semantic differential used to user perceived meaning of an object. The result shows that the user interface of mobile application has positive visual value. For the aspect of assessing user confidence in the application interface display also received a positive value. Hopefully this research can be used as recommendation to f further development in order to make tourism relatively more productive post-pandemic.
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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a significant negative impact on many industries, tourism being among the most severely impacted. To recover from the crisis speedily, a responsive mode of governance that can draw on different stakeholders’ efforts is required. Through qualitative interviews with key informants from major associations and government offices related to tourism, this study examines how Macao adopted public-private partnership governance to aid the recovery of its tourism industry. Specifically, the study investigates the roles of government and the crisis leader in post-COVID tourism recovery, the changes in consumer markets, and collaborative efforts of tourism business sectors and destination marketing organizations. This study contributes to deciphering how public-private partnerships can help tourism recovery, as well as the importance of crisis leadership in the process. The study also provides suggestions for industry partners regarding how they can act and respond to crises more effectively.